Gender pay gap ‘could worsen’

6 November 2012 Last updated at 19:04 ET

The pay gap between men and women is at risk of widening for the first time on record, a leading pay equality campaign group warns.

The Fawcett Society says that women still earn 14.9% less on average than men for the same job.

But it says this gap could widen as public sector cuts push women into the private sector, where the gap is wider.

The warning coincides with a survey which suggests that a woman can earn £423,000 less than a man in her career.

That average lifetime earnings figure comes from the Chartered Management Institute (CMI) 2012 Gender Salary Survey, which also finds that the average pay gap stands at £10,060. This is a drop from 2011, when the difference was £10,546.

Women also lose out when it comes to bonuses, receiving less than half the average £7,496 that men receive, says the CMI.

Ceri Goddard, the Fawcett Society’s chief executive, said the CMI survey should serve as “a wake-up call to government – business as usual isn’t working”.

Continue reading the main story

“Start Quote

Far from slowly moving forward, we now face going into reverse”

End Quote Ceri Goddard The Fawcett Society

Minister for Women and Equalities Jo Swinson said: “Pay inequality remains a stubborn obstacle to real fairness in the workplace.

“We have implemented measures in the Equality Act to make pay secrecy clauses unlawful and we are taking through legislation which would give tribunals power to order that employers conduct a pay audit where they have been found to discriminate over pay.”

More still needed to be done, she added.

‘Into reverse’

The Fawcett Society, which campaigns for gender equality, is calling for a dedicated women’s employment strategy and for the government to bring more pressure to bear on the private sector to pay women equally for the same job as men.

It is concerned that the employment trend from public to private sector work is likely to push more women into insecure, low-paid, part-time jobs. The private sector pay gap, at 20.4%, is higher than in the public sector.

Who earns what (average salaries)
	2009	2010	2011	2012
Source: Chartered Management Institute
Male	£42,474	£41,337	£42,441	£40,325
Female	£31,268	£31,306	£31,895	£30,265
Difference	£11,206	£10,031	£10,546	£10,060

“Far from slowly moving forward, we now face going into reverse”, warned Ms Goddard.

Annual figures on pay from the Office for National Statistics to be published next week are expected to indicate that the gap is widening.

“In recent years, progress on closing the gap has slowed, but as the age of austerity bites, we now face the very real prospect of the gap actually widening for the first time since records began,” Ms Goddard said.

The warning comes on Equal Pay Day, marking the point in the year when women effectively start working for nothing compared to men.

As well as earning less for doing the same jobs, women still have to climb a much steeper slope than men to reach the top, the CMI figures show.

For while career women account for 57% of the professional workforce, just 40% are department heads and 25% are chief executives, says the CMI.

Ann Francke, CMI chief executive, said: “This lack of a strong talent pipeline has to change, and fast. Allowing these types of gender inequalities to continue is precisely the kind of bad management that we need to stamp out.”

She wants the government to “name and shame” companies “perpetuating inequality”.

Baroness Prosser, deputy chair of the Equality and Human Rights Commission, argues that if women are offered more career opportunities, it would help reduce the gender gap.

“The onus is squarely on employers to redress the balance, but female executives should also look to make the most of the practical support available to them,” she said.

The CMI’s National Management Salary Survey, conducted by XpertHR, collected data on 38,843 employees, from junior manager to board level, between August 2011 and August 2012.

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Officials: New mass graves found in Ivory Coast

ABIDJAN, Ivory Coast (AP) — Up to 10 new mass graves have been discovered near the site of a July attack on a camp for displaced people, officials said Tuesday, amid allegations that initial casualty totals were downplayed to mask killings carried out by the national army.

Rights groups claim summary executions were carried out by the Republican Forces of Ivory Coast, known by its French acronym of FRCI. Last month, officials found six bodies in a well close to the former campsite in the western town of Duekoue.

Government, army and U.N. officials toured 10 more graves in the same area on Saturday, said Paul Mondouho, vice-mayor of Duekoue. He said the graves had first been identified by civilians, and that officials did not know the number of bodies they contained because they had not yet been properly exhumed.

“People were suspecting the presence of bodies in these graves because of the smell coming out of them and because of the shoes we saw nearby,” Mondouho said.

Prosecutor Noel Dje Enrike Yahau, who is based in the commercial capital of Abidjan, confirmed that multiple new graves had been discovered but could not provide details. U.N. officials and the local prosecutor in charge of investigating the suspected killings could not be reached Tuesday.

U.N. spokeswoman Sylvie van den Wildenberg confirmed that U.N. forces helped Ivorian authorities secure a perimeter around 10 wells “similar to the one in which six bodies were found,” and that “some of those wells are suspected mass graves.”

She stressed that Ivorian authorities were leading the investigation but that the U.N. was able to provide assistance.

Army spokesmen could not be reached Tuesday. The Justice Ministry has previously vowed to investigate the discovery of the initial grave.

On the morning of July 20, a mob descended on the U.N.-guarded Nahibly camp, which housed 4,500 people displaced by violence in Ivory Coast, burning most of the camp to the ground. Officials said at the time that six people were killed.

The attack was prompted by the shooting deaths of four men and one woman on the night of July 19, according to local officials and residents. In response a mob of some 300 people overran the camp on the morning of July 20 after the perpetrators of the shootings reportedly fled there.

The victims in the July 19 attack lived in a district dominated by the Malinke ethnic group, which largely supported President Alassane Ouattara in the disputed November 2010 election. The camp primarily housed members of the Guere ethnic group, which largely supported former President Laurent Gbagbo.

Gbagbo’s refusal to cede office despite losing the election to Ouattara sparked months of violence that claimed at least 3,000 lives.

Albert Koenders, the top U.N. envoy to Ivory Coast, said one week after the attack that U.N. security forces had been inside and outside the camp at the time but that no Ivorian security forces were present. He said the U.N. forces decided not to fire at a large group of people that were attacking the camp in order to avoid “a massacre.”

Several witnesses have said soldiers and traditional hunters, known as dozos, participated in the attack on the camp. Both military and dozo leaders have denied the claims, saying they had tried to protect the camp.

In a statement released Friday, the International Federation for Human Rights, known by its French acronym of FIDH, said it had information — including the preliminary results of autopsies — confirming that the six bodies found in October were men who had been summarily executed by the army.

“The disappearance of dozens of displaced persons after the attack, as well as confirmation of cases of summary and extra-judicial executions, suggest a much higher victim rate than the official figures report,” said the organization, which counts Ivorian civil society groups among its members.

Duekoue was one of the hardest-hit towns during the post-election violence. The U.N. has established that at least 505 people were killed in and around the town, including during a notorious March 2011 massacre that claimed hundreds of lives and was allegedly carried out by fighters loyal to Ouattara.

Duekoue residents belonging to ethnic groups that supported Gbagbo have long complained about abuses carried out by the FRCI, with some pointing to the direct involvement of the local commander, Kone Daouda. FIDH said in its statement that Daouda had been transferred following the discovery of the grave in October, and called for him to be interrogated over the matter.

The group also said two FRCI members were being “actively sought” after failing to return to their barracks on Oct. 16, noting that they are believed to have fled to neighboring Burkina Faso.

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HANNITY ON TWEET

“I learned a big civics lesson today.” — Fox News Channel host Sean Hannity, who tweeted a picture of his filled-out ballot (for Mitt Romney, natch), only to learn that appeared to break the law in New York state.

— David Bauder — http://twitter.com/dbauder

___

EDITOR’S NOTE — Election Watch shows you Election Day 2012 through the eyes of Associated Press journalists. Follow them on Twitter where available with the handles listed after each item.

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Springsteen Sandy telethon raises $23 million, ABC more than $10 million

(Reuters) – Bruce Springsteen, Billy Joel, Mary Blige and dozens of other musicians and celebrities helped raise some $ 23 million for victims of Hurricane Sandy on NBC television, while a Day of Giving on ABC TV networks raised more than $ 10 million.

The American Red Cross said the one-hour NBC telethon on Friday, featuring performances by celebrities with strong New York and New Jersey connections, generated a record number of individual donations by phone, text and online for victims of Sandy.

The preliminary amount raised was nearly $ 23 million, the Red Cross said in a statement.

On ABC on Monday, viewers and celebrities had raised more than $ 10 million, also for the American Red Cross, midway through a day-long fundraiser for victims of last week’s storm, which devastated the U.S. Northeast and killed more that 100 people.

Journalist Barbara Walters made a personal donation of $ 250,000 and manned phone lines during breakfast show “Good Morning America” along with Katie Couric, actor Ben Stiller and “Jersey Shore” star Nicole “Snooki” Polizzi, ABC said. Donations are expected to rise further during the day-long event.

(Reporting by Jill Serjeant in Los Angeles; Editing by Richard Chang)

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Newer Docs Might Be Driving Up Health Care Costs

Image courtesy of iStockphoto/prosot-photography

Health care spending increases have slowed over the past couple years. Still, we are spending some $ 2.6 trillion–that’s trillion with a “T”–a year on health costs, which is a higher percentage of our GDP than any other developed country. And we don’t seem to be getting that much healthier. So economists and policy researchers are looking for ways to staunch the bleeding while ensuring that care remains good. One group who can have a great influence on the overall cost of health care are the doctors–your primary care physician and your specialists. They are often the ones deciding how many tests and procedures to order and whether to follow evidence-based recommendations on the most effective options. Until now, little research had been done examining how much doctors differ in the costliness of their practice styles–just how much their work was costing insurers. A recent report conducted by the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan policy institution, shows that the biggest predictor of a doctor’s overall costs to the health care system is how long he or she has been practicing. “It is possible that one driver of health care costs is that newly trained physicians practice a more costly style of medicine,” Ateev Mehrotra, an associate professor at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and a researcher at RAND, said in a prepared statement. Doctors, including primary care physicians and specialists, who had less than a decade of experience had annual costs more than 13 percent above doctors who had more than four decades of experience, according to the new analysis. The findings were published online November 5 in Health Affairs. Other characteristics, among them physician gender, size of practice, credentials (such as being board-certified) and previous malpractice suits, did not seem to affect overall costs or mean cost per patient. Moreover, the higher-cost practicing styles of the less experienced physicians did not necessarily translate into better care. The researchers analyzed insurance claims filed in Massachusetts between 2004 and 2005 (before Governor Mitt Romney instituted the state’s individual health care mandate), covering 1.13 million patients (ages 18 to 65) and 12,116 physicians. They were then able to generate more than 600 types of “episodes of care” (based on categories such as similar illness, severity and procedure and controlled by age, gender and comorbidities) to see how billed costs for similar “episodes” compared across doctors of the same specialty. Health plans often use this same type of reckoning to evaluate costs. On a population scale, doctors with fewer than 10 years of experience had mean per-patient costs of about $ 14,906, whereas those with more than 40 years had mean per-patient costs of $ 10,104. Both government-run and private health insurance plans are looking for smarter ways of reducing costs while providing for quality health care. Facing a budget shortfall in 2016, for instance, Medicare is looking to adjust how it pays for services based not just on what is proscribed (tests, treatments, and so on) but also on how well that service works–whether it is the most effective and affordable option available for the given situation. Why is there such a large difference between these groups of doctors? It is possible, for example, that those fresh out of medical school are more familiar with–and more inclined to use–newer, more expensive treatments and tests (regardless of how effective they are). The authors also suggested that perhaps “lack of experience and uncertainty translates into more aggressive care,” they wrote. Additionally, this newer generation of doctors might simply continue to use higher-cost medicine even as they gain more experience. These data also suggest that unless they work to reduce costs, physicians with less experience might have a more difficult time being included to receive as much business from insurance companies and government programs that are looking for best-value providers. The findings “underscore the need to better understand physician practice patterns and what influences that behavior,” Mehrotra said. He and his colleagues recommend considering additional training programs for new doctors “to educate physicians on their responsibility to be good stewards of health care resources.”

Follow Scientific American on Twitter @SciAm and @SciamBlogs. Visit ScientificAmerican.com for the latest in science, health and technology news.
© 2012 ScientificAmerican.com. All rights reserved.

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Wall Street rises in thin trade day before election

NEW YORK (Reuters) – Stocks advanced modestly on Monday in light trading in one of the year’s quietest sessions on the day before the presidential election.

Whatever the outcome of the race between incumbent President Barack Obama and Republican challenger Mitt Romney, the election’s resolution will finally end the uncertainty that has kept the market stagnant for the past few weeks.

“No one’s going to make big bets today,” said Perry Piazza, director of investment strategy at Contango Capital Advisors in San Francisco.

Just 5.16 billion shares changed hands on the New York Stock Exchange, the Nasdaq and the NYSE MKT on Monday, below this year’s average daily volume of 6.5 billion.

” has been directionless over the last few weeks because of what fiscal and tax policy looks like next year. You could argue that just having the uncertainty behind us could lead to a bit of a relief rally,” Piazza said.

The Nasdaq was the strongest of the three major U.S. stock indexes, helped by a rally in Apple Inc , the most valuable publicly traded U.S. company. Apple‘s stock rose 1.4 percent to close at $ 584.62. The stock has fallen 17 percent from its closing high of $ 705.07 on September 21.

Once the election is over, the market will turn to the “fiscal cliff,” the $ 600 billion worth of tax hikes and spending cuts that could hit the economy hard in 2013 unless Congress comes to an agreement that will soften the blow.

“I guess, academically, you could convince yourself a president doesn’t generally doesn’t have that much influence over the economy near-term, but the fact remains, they could impact the market,” said Jack Ablin, chief investment officer of Harris Private Bank in Chicago.

A budget crisis in the United States could hamper growth around the world. On Sunday, economic leaders pressed the United States to avert the fiscal cliff in the interest of avoiding a large-scale economic slowdown.

Another drag on trading volume was the residual impact of Hurricane Sandy, which has left about 30,000 to 40,000 Americans homeless. The superstorm wreaked havoc on infrastructure and housing in the Northeast.

“I think Sandy is still affecting volume a little bit,” Piazza said. “Folks we deal with in New York seem to be back at work now, but they were out most of the week last week, and still have other things on their minds.”

The Dow Jones industrial average <.DJI> advanced 19.28 points, or 0.15 percent, to end at 13,112.44. The Standard & Poor’s 500 Index <.SPX> rose 3.06 points, or 0.22 percent, to 1,417.26. The Nasdaq Composite Index <.IXIC> gained 17.53 points, or 0.59 percent, to close at 2,999.66.

The CBOE Volatility Index <.VIX> or VIX, Wall Street’s favorite barometer of investor anxiety, rose 4.72 percent – a relatively big move compared with the S&P 500 – to end Monday’s session at 18.42.

“It’s just a few people taking positions ahead of the election, to protect themselves against a pullback,” said Randy Frederick, managing director of trading and derivatives at Charles Schwab. “I think this will go on tomorrow as well,” adding that he believes the market will be flat while the VIX is likely to show “a bigger move, as it’s just the nature of hedging ahead of big news like the election.”

The PHLX semiconductor index <.SOX> rose 1.6 percent and bolstered the Nasdaq.

An index of housing-related shares <.HGX> gained 1.8 percent.

In the energy sector, the S&P energy index <.GSPE> gained 0.7 percent following a gain in crude oil futures prices and third-quarter earnings from two major energy companies.

Transocean Ltd , which operates the world’s largest offshore oil drilling fleet, gained 5.6 percent to $ 48.64, a day after the company reported a higher-than-expected adjusted profit for the third quarter.

Shares of Southern Co , the second-largest U.S. power company, fell 2.5 percent to $ 44.62 after Southern posted third-quarter earnings.

The S&P utilities index <.GSPU>, down 1.66 percent, was the worst performing of the 10 major S&P 500 sectors a week after superstorm Sandy hit New York City and surrounding areas.

Shares of Time Warner Cable , the second-largest U.S. cable operator, lost 6.4 percent to $ 91.93 after the company reported a quarterly profit that missed estimates as it lost more video subscribers than expected.

BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc surged 31.2 percent to $ 49.07 after the company said a late-stage trial of its experimental drug for a rare genetic disorder could improve patients’ walking ability when the medicine is administered weekly. The rally in BioMarin’s stock helped drive the Nasdaq biotech index <.NBI> up 1.7 percent.

Despite the light volume on Monday, the market’s breadth was positive. Advancers slightly outnumbered decliners on the New York Stock Exchange by a ratio of 15 to 14. On the Nasdaq, about three stocks rose for every two that fell.

(Reporting by Atossa Araxia Abrahamian; Additional reporting by Chuck Mikolajczak and Angela Moon; Editing by Jan Paschal)

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Methane warnings ignored before NZ mine disaster

WELLINGTON, New Zealand (AP) — A New Zealand coal mining company ignored 21 warnings that methane gas had accumulated to explosive levels before an underground explosion killed 29 workers two years ago, an investigation concluded.

The official report released Monday after 11 weeks of hearings on the disaster found broad safety problems in New Zealand workplaces and said the Pike River Coal company was exposing miners to unacceptable risks as it strove to meet financial targets.

“The company completely and utterly failed to protect its workers,” New Zealand Prime Minister John Key said Monday.

The country’s labor minister, Kate Wilkinson, resigned from her labor portfolio after the report’s release, saying she felt it was the honorable thing to do after the tragedy occurred on her watch. She plans to retain her remaining government responsibilities.

The Royal Commission report said New Zealand has a poor workplace safety record and its regulators failed to provide adequate oversight before the explosion.

At the time of the disaster, New Zealand had just two mine inspectors who were unable to keep up with their workload, the report said. Pike River was able to obtain a permit with no scrutiny of its initial health and safety plans and little ongoing scrutiny.

Key said he agrees with the report’s conclusion that there needs to be a philosophical shift in New Zealand from believing that companies are acting in the best interests of workers to a more proscriptive set of regulations that forces companies to do the right thing.

The commission’s report recommended a new agency be formed to focus solely on workplace health and safety problems. It also recommended a raft of measures to strengthen mine oversight.

Key said his government would consider the recommendations and hoped to implement most of them. He would not commit on forming a new agency. Workplace safety issues are currently one of the responsibilities of the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.

In the seven weeks before the explosion, the Pike River company received 21 warnings from mine workers that methane gas had built up to explosive levels below ground and another 27 warnings of dangerous levels, the report said. The warnings continued right up until the morning of the deadly explosion.

The company used unconventional methods to get rid of methane, the report said. Some workers even rigged their machines to bypass the methane sensors after the machines kept automatically shutting down — something they were designed to do when methane levels got too high.

The company made a “major error” by placing a ventilation fan underground instead of on the surface, the report found. The fan failed after the first of several explosions, effectively shutting down the entire ventilation system. The company was also using water jets to cut the coal face, a highly specialized technique than can release large amounts of methane.

The report did not definitively conclude what sparked the explosion itself, although it noted that a pump was switched on immediately before the explosion, raising the possibility it was triggered by an electrical arc.

The now-bankrupt Pike River Coal company is not defending itself against charges it committed nine labor violations related to the disaster. Former chief executive Peter Whittall has pleaded not guilty to 12 violations and his lawyers say he is being scapegoated.

An Australian contractor was fined last month for three safety violations after its methane detector was found to be faulty at the time of the explosion.

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Apple sells three million iPads over first weekend

SAN FRANCISCO/NEW YORK (Reuters) – Apple Inc sold 3 million of its new iPads in the first three days the tablet computers were available, driving optimism for a strong holiday quarter despite intensifying competition.

Sales of the 7.9-inch iPad mini and fourth-generation 9.7-inch version, both Wi-Fi only models, were double the first-weekend sales of the Wi-Fi iPad sold in March, Apple said on Monday.

Apple did not break out numbers for the crucial iPad mini, a smaller version of the original tablet designed to spearhead its foray into a segment now dominated by Amazon.com Inc’s Kindle Fire and Google Inc’s Nexus 7.

Analysts estimate that about 2.3 million of the new iPads sold over the weekend were the mini-tablets, surpassing expectations of 1 million to 1.5 million.

Wall Street, which was disappointed with Apple’s latest quarterly earnings, had been looking to the iPad mini to boost demand during the crucial year-end holiday shopping season as competition reaches a fever pitch. Microsoft Corp became the latest major entrant to the market last month with the Windows-driven Surface.

While lines for the new iPads appeared lighter than usual for a new Apple product when they began selling at stores on Friday, the company said demand was so strong that it “practically sold out of iPad minis.”

Apple had never before introduced two different iPad models in one quarter. Raymond James analyst Tavis McCourt said that while the sales numbers looked good, the company would need to sell another 20 million iPads this quarter to meet his estimate.

“There’s still a lot of wood to chop in the quarter,” McCourt said.

The company said it had already shipped many of the new iPads ordered before the release date, but some would not be sent out until later this month.

“We set a new launch weekend record and practically sold out of iPad minis,” Apple Chief Executive Tim Cook said in a statement. “We’re working hard to build more quickly to meet the incredible demand.”

HOLIDAY SALES CRUCIAL

Apple shares closed up 1.35 percent at $ 584.62 on Nasdaq on Monday, but that was still 17 percent below the record high set in September.

The strong sales numbers for the iPads came despite both the iPad mini and fourth generation iPad being priced much above competing tablets. The iPad mini’s $ 329 price had prompted some analysts to conclude that the higher price tag may hurt demand.

But Apple is still maintaining its industry leading margins with the smaller tablet, according to a teardown analysis of the tablet by research firm IHS iSuppli.

The Wi-Fi only iPad mini carries a bill of materials of $ 188.00, IHS iSuppli said, adding that the cost goes up to $ 198 when manufacturing expenses are added in.

“This differs markedly from Amazon’s 7-inch Kindle Fire HD and Google’s Nexus 7 tablets, both of which are essentially low-margin or no-margin giveaways at a $ 199.00 retail price,” Andrew Rassweiler, senior principal analyst, teardown services, for IHS, said.

But the California company’s dominance of the tablet market eroded in the third quarter as both consumer and commercial shipments declined, partly as people waited for the new iPad mini, while rival Samsung Electronics more than doubled its share, according to tablet shipment numbers from research firm IDC.

Apple’s share of the tablet market fell to 50.4 percent from 59.7 percent in the third quarter while Samsung was No.2 with 18.4 percent followed by Amazon with 9 percent. Samsung’s market share a year ago was 6.5 percent.

The 7.9-inch iPad mini marks Apple’s first foray into the smaller-tablet segment and is the company’s first major new device since the death of co-founder Steve Jobs last year.

Versions of iPads with both Wi-Fi and cellular connections will not ship in the United States for another few weeks. And both will be available in more countries later this year.

Apple heads into the current quarter after refreshing almost all of its product lines, from Macintosh computers to tablets.

“We believe the iPad mini has the opportunity to surpass the sales of the regular-sized iPads over the next several years,” said Topeka Capital analyst Brian White.

(Additional reporting by Sayantani Ghosh in Bangalore; Editing by Saumyadeb Chakrabarty, Lisa Von Ahn and Phil Berlowitz)

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Bypass tops stents in diabetics with diseased arteries

LOS ANGELES (Reuters) – Diabetics with more than one diseased artery fared significantly better if they underwent bypass surgery than those who received drug coated stents following artery clearing procedures to improve blood flow to the heart, according to data from a five-year study presented on Sunday.

After five years, the bypass group had a lower combined rate of heart attacks, strokes and deaths of 18.7 percent versus 26.6 percent for the stent group in the 1,900-patient study funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health.

The result was deemed to be highly statistically significant, researchers said.

Previous studies had demonstrated the superiority of bypass surgery over the use of bare metal stents – tiny mesh tubes used to prop open cleared arteries. Researchers suspected that newer stents coated with drugs to prevent reclogging might negate some of the bypass advantage, but that turned out not to be the case.

“The advantages were striking in this trial and could change treatment recommendations for thousands of individuals with diabetes and heart disease,” said Dr. Valentin Fuster, from Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York, who presented the findings at the American Heart Association scientific meeting in Los Angeles.

There was a higher incidence of stroke in bypass patients — 5.2 percent versus 2.4 percent. Stroke is a known risk of the surgical procedure in which a piece of a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is grafted on to re-route blood flow around a blocked heart artery.

But deaths from any cause were significantly lower with bypass surgery than those who received artery clearing angioplasty and a drug eluting stent – 10.9 percent compared with 16.3 percent. There were also twice as many heart attacks among diabetics in the stent group within five years – 99 vs 48, which Fuster called “very significant.”

More than one million bypass surgeries or stenting procedures are performed in the United States each year and some 25 to 30 percent of those involve diabetics with multiple diseased arteries, researchers said.

If the results of this study alter clinical practice, it could eat into lucrative profits of the companies that sell drug coated stents, such as Abbott Laboratories, Boston Scientific Corp and Medtronic Inc. Boston Scientific and Johnson & Johnson supplied the stents used in the study, but J&J has since exited the stent business.

Dr. David Williams of Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, who was not involved in the study, called the results “very convincing.”

“I think the (treatment) guidelines will recognize this and I do think it will be adopted,” he said.

However, Fuster cautioned that longer term follow-up of patients was necessary.

“We always want to know how long the effects last,” he said. “The gap could begin to close or the results could get better and better.”

(Reporting by Bill Berkrot and Deena Beasley; Editing by Marguerita Choy)

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Asian shares ease on caution before U.S. elections

TOKYO (Reuters) – Asian shares fell on Monday, tracking a sell-off in global shares late last week, as investors continued to shed risk ahead of the closely fought U.S. presidential election and looked past a strong U.S. jobs data to fragile economic growth worldwide.

The MSCI index of Asia-Pacific shares outside Japan <.MIAPJ0000PUS> fell 0.3 percent after climbing to its highest since October 23 on Friday.

Australian shares <.AXJO> were down 0.4 percent and South Korean shares <.KS11> opened down 0.7 percent.

“There is an absence of upward momentum, but economic data such as U.S. jobs were better than forecast last week, so the main index is expected to remain boxed in range before the U.S. elections,” Cho Sung-joon, an analyst at NH Investment & Securities, said of Seoul shares.

Japan’s Nikkei average <.N225> opened down 0.6 percent after closing at a one-week high on Friday. <.T>

The political uncertainty in the world’s largest economy made investors wary of holdings risk assets, and their safe-haven bids buoyed the U.S. dollar to two-month highs against a basket of major currencies <.DXY> on Monday.

U.S. President Barack Obama and Republican challenger Mitt Romney were neck-and-neck in opinion polls in the final 48 hours before Tuesday’s vote.

Obama’s re-election is perceived as negative for equities, while markets see Romney as stock-friendly, analysts have said.

After the U.S. election, Congress must deal with a “fiscal cliff” – up to $ 600 billion in expiring tax cuts and spending reductions that are set to kick in next year – which threatens to hurt the U.S. economy.

“Investors hate uncertainty, so there will be a sigh of relief when the election is over. Provided there is a clear election result and no change in the divided Congress, then traders and investors will see it as ‘business as usual’,” said Craig James, chief economist at CommSec.

Other key events this week include the Chinese congress starting November8 that will usher in a generational leadership change and policy decisions by the Reserve Bank of Australia and the European Central Bank.

The dollar was also bolstered by a report showing U.S. employers added 171,000 people to their payrolls last month, far above forecasts, and 84,000 more jobs were created in August and September than previously estimated.

Demand for U.S. factory goods also rose in September by the most in over a year, but a gauge of business investment plans showed lacklustre momentum.

The dollar steadied at 80.50 yen, near a more-than-six-month high of 80.68 yen scaled on Friday.

Bullion was undermined by the strong dollar. Spot gold ticked up 0.3 percent to $ 1,680.54 an ounce on Monday after a 2 percent plunge to a two-month low of $ 1,673.94 on Friday.

“For now, the liquidation in gold is likely to leave investors licking gaping wounds rather than focus on the benefits of a gently growing economy especially as it is currently set back in the shadows of the fiscal cliff,” Andrew Wilkinson, chief economic strategist at Miller Tabak & Co said in a note to clients.

Hedge funds and other big speculators shed U.S. commodities by $ 8 billion last week, the biggest weekly drop in nearly six month, with gold seeing the largest outflow of net long money for a second week running.

U.S. crude futures eased 0.1 percent to $ 84.82 a barrel and Brent was down 0.2 percent to $ 105.48.

The euro edged up 0.1 percent to $ 1.2823. It hit a one-month low of $ 1.2816 early in Asia on Monday, undermined by not only the U.S. data but also Friday’s survey showing euro zone October manufacturing shrank for the 15th straight month as output and new orders fell.

Finance chiefs of leading economies gathering in Mexico urged the United States on Sunday to avert a series of spending cuts and tax hikes that could hurt global output, though some countries saw Europe’s debt crisis as the No. 1 danger.

China offered some comforting news on Saturday, with an official survey showing the country’s services sector rebounded in October from a two-year low in September on stronger activity in the construction and retail sectors.

(Additional reporting by Joyce Lee in Seoul and Ian Chua in Sydney; Editing by Michael Perry)

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